Bali Tourism Journal is an innovative travel publication that uniquely blends the accessible style of newspapers and magazines with the depth and rigor of an academic and scientific journal. Our content is thoughtfully crafted by a diverse team of contributors, including reporters, journalists, academics, postgraduate students, and lecturers. Each article undergoes a thorough review and editing process by professional editors with expertise in the relevant subject areas. We are committed to authenticity. All stories are original, and all photographs are taken directly by our professional photographers and correspondents. This is not a promotional platform—it is a scientifically grounded, educational journal-magazine dedicated to presenting the true essence of Bali.
Generational Travel Behavior and Sustainable Tourism Preferences in Contemporary Tourism Development
The tourism industry is undergoing profound transformation driven by demographic shifts, digital innovation, and increasing awareness of sustainability. Understanding how different generations perceive and experience tourism has become essential for developing adaptive and sustainable tourism strategies. This study aims to analyze generational travel behavior and explore its implications for sustainable tourism development by examining the travel preferences of Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z. A qualitative literature review was employed, synthesizing recent academic studies, tourism reports, and policy publications published between 2020 and 2026. The collected literature was analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns related to travel motivations, sustainable tourism preferences, technological adoption, and multigenerational travel dynamics. The findings reveal that younger generations, particularly Millennials and Generation Z, prioritize authentic experiences, cultural immersion, digital connectivity, environmental responsibility, and wellness-oriented travel. In contrast, Generation X and Baby Boomers place greater emphasis on comfort, safety, accessibility, and family-oriented experiences, while increasingly supporting sustainable tourism when appropriate infrastructure and services are available. The study also highlights the growing influence of digital technologies, including social media, artificial intelligence, and personalized travel platforms, in shaping destination choice and tourist behavior across generations. Furthermore, the emergence of multigenerational travel creates opportunities for value co-creation, family bonding, and inclusive tourism product development. These findings suggest that tourism stakeholders should adopt differentiated marketing strategies, strengthen sustainable destination management, promote community participation, and develop inclusive tourism experiences that accommodate diverse generational needs. By integrating demographic, technological, and sustainability perspectives, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on contemporary tourism behavior and offers practical insights for policymakers, destination managers, and tourism businesses seeking to foster resilient, competitive, and sustainable tourism development.
Examining the Role of YouTube Creators in Promoting Emerging Tourism Destinations in Indonesia
The rapid expansion of digital media has fundamentally transformed tourism marketing, positioning social media creators as influential actors in shaping destination awareness and travel behavior. Among various digital platforms, YouTube has emerged as a powerful medium for promoting tourism destinations through immersive visual storytelling, authentic travel experiences, and interactive audience engagement. This study examines the role of YouTube creators in promoting emerging tourism destinations in Indonesia, with particular emphasis on their contributions to destination image formation, cultural representation, and tourism motivation. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study utilizes content analysis supported by a systematic review of contemporary literature published between 2020 and 2026 on digital tourism marketing, destination branding, influencer communication, and travel vlogging. The analysis is structured around three dimensions: visual representation, narrative representation, and audience engagement. The findings indicate that YouTube creators play a significant role as destination image builders by presenting immersive visual content that enhances the visibility and attractiveness of emerging destinations such as Labuan Bajo, Likupang, Wakatobi, Sumba, and Lake Toba. Authentic storytelling and firsthand travel experiences strengthen viewers' trust while simultaneously communicating local culture, traditions, and community identity. Furthermore, parasocial relationships between creators and audiences increase destination credibility and positively influence travel intentions. The study also identifies YouTube creators as informal digital ambassadors who contribute to destination branding, tourism diversification, and regional tourism development. However, issues related to cultural commodification, stereotypical representation, and commercialization require greater attention to ensure ethical and sustainable tourism promotion. The study concludes that strategic collaboration among tourism authorities, local communities, and YouTube creators can strengthen sustainable destination marketing while encouraging responsible tourism practices and enhancing the global competitiveness of Indonesia's emerging tourism destinations.
Ethical and Sustainable Urban Tourism Development in Indonesia
Urban tourism has become an increasingly important driver of economic development, urban regeneration, and destination competitiveness in Indonesia. However, the rapid expansion of tourism in urban areas has also generated significant environmental, social, cultural, and governance challenges that question the long-term sustainability of tourism development. This study aims to examine the principles of ethical and sustainable urban tourism development in Indonesia by synthesizing contemporary perspectives on environmental ethics, social justice, community participation, and collaborative governance. The research employs a qualitative conceptual approach using a structured literature review and theoretical synthesis of scholarly publications concerning urban tourism, sustainable tourism, environmental responsibility, and tourism governance. Relevant literature published primarily between 2020 and 2026 was analyzed through thematic interpretation to identify recurring concepts and develop an integrated conceptual framework. The findings indicate that sustainable urban tourism should extend beyond conventional economic performance indicators and incorporate broader ethical considerations that prioritize environmental stewardship, social equity, cultural preservation, and residents' well-being. The analysis highlights that inadequate stakeholder participation, fragmented governance, and weak environmental management have contributed to challenges in Indonesian urban tourism, as illustrated by the experiences of Teras Cihampelas in Bandung and tourism development in Jakarta. The study further identifies four interconnected pillars of ethical urban tourism development: environmental responsibility, social equity, meaningful community participation, and responsible governance. These principles provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating tourism policies and guiding sustainable destination management. The study concludes that integrating ethical values into tourism planning can strengthen urban resilience, improve policy legitimacy, promote inclusive development, and ensure that tourism contributes to both community welfare and environmental sustainability. The proposed conceptual framework offers practical implications for policymakers, urban planners, and tourism stakeholders while providing a foundation for future empirical research on sustainable urban tourism in Indonesia.
Dark Tourism and Ethical Heritage Development in Indonesia
Dark tourism has emerged as one of the fastest-growing forms of special interest tourism in the contemporary tourism industry. This phenomenon refers to visits to places associated with death, tragedy, disaster, war, and human suffering. In Indonesia, dark tourism has developed through destinations such as Trunyan Village in Bali, the Bali Bombing Memorial, the Aceh Tsunami Museum, Lubang Buaya Museum, and Lawang Sewu in Semarang. This study aims to analyze the development of dark tourism in Indonesia and examine the ethical challenges surrounding the commercialization of tragedy and historical memory. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through literature review and document analysis from tourism studies, media reports, and previous academic publications. The findings reveal that dark tourism in Indonesia possesses significant educational, cultural, and economic potential, particularly in strengthening historical awareness and preserving collective memory. However, the increasing commercialization of mystical narratives, horror attractions, and sensational promotion has created ethical dilemmas, including distortion of historical facts, commodification of suffering, and reduction of educational value. In destinations such as Lawang Sewu, mystical branding often overshadows its historical significance as a colonial heritage site and symbol of anti-colonial struggle. Similarly, Trunyan Village demonstrates how indigenous funeral traditions can attract tourists while simultaneously risking cultural exploitation if not managed responsibly. This study concludes that sustainable dark tourism development requires ethical management, community participation, culturally sensitive interpretation, and balanced storytelling that prioritizes education and remembrance over sensationalism. Through appropriate governance, dark tourism can function not only as an economic resource but also as a medium for cultural reflection, historical learning, and intercultural understanding.
Strengthening Workforce Sustainability for Community-Based Coffee Tourism Development in Bali
Community-based coffee tourism has emerged as an innovative approach to promoting sustainable rural development by integrating agricultural heritage, local culture, and tourism experiences. In Bali, coffee tourism provides significant opportunities to diversify rural livelihoods, preserve traditional farming practices, and strengthen community participation. However, the long-term sustainability of this sector depends largely on the resilience and capacity of its workforce. This study examines the key factors influencing workforce sustainability in community-based coffee tourism development in Bali. Employing a qualitative literature review approach, the study synthesizes recent scholarly publications on coffee tourism, agritourism, community-based tourism, workforce sustainability, human resource development, and tourism governance published between 2020 and 2026. The collected literature was analyzed using thematic analysis to identify three interconnected dimensions of workforce sustainability: competency development and human resource capacity, governance coordination and institutional integration, and community empowerment with inclusive development. The findings indicate that workforce sustainability extends beyond technical skill development and requires integrated governance systems, continuous learning opportunities, stakeholder collaboration, and participatory community engagement. Coffee farmers increasingly perform multifunctional roles as producers, tour guides, entrepreneurs, and cultural interpreters, requiring diverse competencies in hospitality, digital marketing, communication, and sustainable tourism management. Furthermore, effective institutional coordination among government agencies, customary village institutions, educational organizations, cooperatives, and tourism stakeholders is essential for aligning workforce development with destination planning. Community empowerment, gender inclusion, youth participation, and digital transformation further enhance workforce resilience and create diversified livelihood opportunities. This study proposes an integrated workforce sustainability framework that combines human capital development, collaborative governance, and inclusive community participation to strengthen the competitiveness and long-term sustainability of Bali's community-based coffee tourism sector while supporting broader rural development and sustainable tourism objectives.
The Impact of Globalisation on the Sustainability of Local Cultural Identity in Indonesia
Globalisation has become a pervasive force shaping cultural, social, and communicative processes across the world, profoundly influencing the sustainability of local cultural identities. In Indonesia, a country characterised by extensive cultural diversity, globalisation interacts with complex socio-cultural structures formed by ethnic plurality, indigenous traditions, and national ideology. This study aims to examine how globalisation affects the sustainability of local cultural identity in Indonesia, with particular attention to the roles of media, technology, education, and younger generations. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach based on a systematic literature review, this research synthesises peer-reviewed academic studies published between 2018 and 2024 that address globalisation, cultural identity, media influence, and youth cultural dynamics. The findings indicate that globalisation generates both disruptive and transformative effects on local cultural identity. On the one hand, the dominance of global media, consumer culture, and digital platforms contributes to cultural homogenisation, shifts in value systems, and declining engagement with traditional cultural practices, especially among Generation Z. On the other hand, globalisation also enables processes of cultural hybridisation, localisation, and creative adaptation, allowing local communities to reinterpret global influences while maintaining core cultural values. Digital media emerge as a paradoxical space that simultaneously accelerates global cultural diffusion and provides strategic opportunities for cultural preservation and innovation. The study concludes that local cultural identity should be understood as a dynamic and adaptive construct rather than a static heritage. Strengthening cultural education, enhancing media literacy, empowering traditional arts, and actively engaging younger generations are essential strategies for ensuring cultural sustainability.
Environmental-Oriented Tourism Development and Legal Governance in Indonesia
Tourism acts as an essential sector in Indonesia’s national development, making substantial contributions to economic growth, employment generation, and regional income. Nevertheless, the rapid expansion of tourism activities has resulted in major environmental degradation, social inequality, and governance challenges. This study investigates tourism development from an environmentally oriented legal perspective, stressing the necessity of sustainable tourism governance rooted in environmental protection, legal compliance, and social responsibility. Employing a normative juridical research method, the article analyses Indonesian legal instruments governing tourism and environmental protection, including statutory regulations, doctrinal principles, and relevant scholarly literature. The results show that, although Indonesia has established comprehensive legal documents to regulate environmentally sustainable tourism, implementation remains weak due to policy voids, limited control procedures insufficient integration of local wisdom and community participation. Strengthening environmental law enforcement, clarifying corporate social and environmental obligation recognising the roles of indigenous and local communities are fundamental for guaranteeing sustainable tourism. This analysis develops the discussion on sustainable tourism law by emphasising the need for transformative legal governance that aligns with economic interests, ecosystem protection, and social justice.
Tourism Resilience and Sustainable Development: Evidence from Bali, Indonesia
Tourism is a highly dynamic yet vulnerable sector, particularly in destinations with strong dependence on international travel. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed structural weaknesses in mass tourism systems and highlighted the urgent need for resilience-oriented development pathways. This study examines the relationship between tourism resilience and sustainable development in Bali, Indonesia, a destination significantly affected by global tourism disruptions. Adopting a qualitative descriptive research design, the study synthesizes peer-reviewed literature addressing tourism resilience across multiple analytical levels, including governance, community-based systems, and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). A thematic synthesis approach is employed to identify patterns of recovery, adaptation, and transformation within Bali’s tourism system. The findings demonstrate that tourism resilience in Bali emerges from interconnected, multi-level processes rather than isolated interventions. Adaptive governance mechanisms enable flexible crisis management and policy learning, while community-based and culturally embedded institutions, such as the Subak system and tourism villages, strengthen social cohesion and environmental stewardship. At the economic level, the psychological and entrepreneurial resilience of MSMEs plays a crucial role in sustaining livelihoods and fostering innovation during prolonged crises. These dimensions collectively reinforce the social, environmental, and economic pillars of sustainable tourism development. Resilience should be understood not merely as a short-term recovery response but as a core principle of sustainable tourism development. Integrating adaptive governance, community empowerment, and business capacity-building is essential to reducing vulnerability and supporting long-term sustainability in highly tourism-dependent destinations such as Bali.
Implementation of Virtual Reality as an Innovative Strategy in Tourism Marketing
The tourism sector has undergone significant structural transformation in the post-COVID-19 era, driven by accelerated digitalization, changing tourist behavior, and heightened concerns regarding safety and accessibility. Within this context, Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative technological strategy in tourism marketing, offering immersive and interactive experiences that go beyond conventional promotional media. This study aims to examine the role, implementation models, and strategic implications of VR in tourism marketing, with particular emphasis on its application in developing destination contexts such as Indonesia. Using a qualitative literature-based research design, this study address VR applications in tourism promotion, destination development, and visitor experience. Data were analysed thematically following the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, focusing on three key dimensions: objectives of VR implementation, development frameworks employed, and impacts on tourist perception and behavior. The findings indicate that VR positively influences destination image, perceived attractiveness, and visit intention by enhancing cognitive and affective engagement while reducing perceived risk and psychological distance. Structured development models such as the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) and ADDIE are found to support the creation of effective and user-friendly VR tourism applications. Furthermore, VR demonstrates potential to support sustainable tourism by promoting lesser-known destinations, redistributing tourism demand, and reducing physical pressure on environmentally sensitive sites.
Industrial Relations and Job Satisfaction in the Provision of Healthcare Services to International Patients: A Conceptual Review
The rapid growth of international tourism has increased demand for healthcare services for foreign patients, particularly in primary care clinics located in tourism-intensive regions. This development introduces complex organizational and workforce challenges, as healthcare workers are required to manage increased workloads, cross-cultural communication barriers, and expanded roles beyond routine clinical responsibilities. These conditions underscore the importance of industrial relations in shaping employee experiences and maintaining service sustainability. The purpose of this conceptual review is to examine how industrial relations influence job satisfaction among healthcare workers providing services to international patients, with particular attention to organizational support, communication practices, and leadership mechanisms in cross-cultural healthcare settings. This study adopts a conceptual review design by synthesizing theoretical and empirical literature related to industrial relations, job satisfaction, and international or tourism-oriented healthcare services. Relevant studies were retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and analyzed using thematic analysis. Social Exchange Theory and the Job Demands–Resources Model were employed as the primary theoretical frameworks to integrate findings and explain the relationship between job demands, organizational resources, and employee outcomes. No primary data were collected, and all conclusions are based on a systematic interpretation of existing literature. The review demonstrates that effective industrial relations function as a critical mediating mechanism that balances increased job demands associated with international patient care with available organizational resources. Strengthening leadership support, communication quality, and institutional recognition can enhance job satisfaction, reduce work strain, and contribute to sustainable healthcare service delivery in tourism-oriented environments.
Industrial Relations in Bali’s Tourism Industry: Challenges and Implications for Employee Welfare
Tourism is one of the most strategic sectors supporting economic growth, employment creation, and regional development in Bali, Indonesia. As a labor-intensive industry, tourism performance is highly dependent on the quality of industrial relations between employers, employees, labor unions, and government institutions. Despite its substantial contribution to the regional economy, Bali’s tourism industry continues to face persistent industrial relations challenges that negatively affect employee welfare. This conceptual article aims to examine industrial relations issues in Bali’s tourism industry and analyze their implications for employee welfare. The study adopts a qualitative, literature-based approach by reviewing academic journal articles, labor regulations, and international reports related to industrial relations, tourism employment, and employee welfare, particularly within the context of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The review identifies key challenges, including wage inequality, employment insecurity due to the dominance of contract-based employment, limited labor protection, and weak employee participation in organizational decision-making. The findings suggest that fragile industrial relations practices reduce employee welfare in terms of income stability, job satisfaction, psychological well-being, and access to social security. Moreover, weak industrial relations also undermine service quality and organizational performance, which are critical for competitiveness in the tourism sector. Strengthening industrial relations through fair employment practices, transparent communication, effective social dialogue, and consistent government supervision is therefore essential to enhance employee welfare and support sustainable tourism development in Bali.
Coastal Tourism Development and Sustainability: A Global and Indonesian Perspective
Coastal tourism represents one of the fastest-growing segments of the global tourism industry, offering significant economic benefits while simultaneously intensifying environmental and social pressures. This study synthesizes global and Indonesian perspectives on the dynamics of coastal tourism development and sustainability, emphasizing the interplay between climate change, governance, and local community engagement. Using a qualitative synthesis approach, the research integrates findings from peer-reviewed studies, policy reports, and empirical case analyses. Key analytical frameworks, including the SWOT Analysis, Coastal Hazard Wheel (CHW), and Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) are examined to assess both environmental hazards and socio-economic dimensions of tourism development. Findings highlight that coastal destinations worldwide face “triple pressures” from mass tourism, climate-induced hazards, and infrastructure overdevelopment. In Indonesia, sites such as Loang Baloq Beach in Lombok illustrate the dual potential of heritage-based and community-driven coastal tourism when aligned with sustainable management principles. The study also explores the emerging concept of blue tourism, which integrates marine conservation with sustainable economic use under the national Blue Economy agenda. This model promotes participatory governance, ecosystem restoration, and low-carbon operations as pathways toward regenerative tourism. It argues that sustainable coastal tourism requires a multidimensional approach that combines scientific assessment tools, local wisdom, and cross-sectoral policy coordination. Such an integrated framework ensures resilience, enhances community welfare, and contributes to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to climate action and ocean sustainability.
The Impact of Climate Change on European Tourism and Visitor Behavior
Tourism is one of Europe's most economically significant sectors, yet its dependence on stable climatic conditions renders it highly vulnerable to global warming. This study examines how climate change is reshaping European tourism patterns, visitor behavior, and destination management between 2021 and 2024. Using a qualitative content analysis of academic research, policy documents, and media reports, the paper synthesizes evidence on the environmental, behavioral, and institutional dimensions of adaptation. The findings reveal that climate change is driving both physical and behavioral transformations: alpine and Mediterranean destinations face mounting exposure to snow scarcity, heatwaves, and wildfires, while tourists increasingly display spatial, temporal, and qualitative adaptation—shifting toward cooler, higher-altitude, or off-peak destinations and favoring sustainable, experience-based travel. European destinations such as Berlin and Barcelona have begun adopting "quality-over-quantity" tourism strategies, integrating climate mitigation, sustainable mobility, and visitor-management reforms. However, adaptation remains uneven; many operators continue to prioritize short-term recovery, and the rise of premium "low-impact" tourism risks excluding lower-income travelers. The study highlights an emerging need for integrated governance that aligns climate adaptation, social equity, and sustainable economic outcomes. Lessons from Europe are relevant for Indonesia, where rising sea levels, coral bleaching, and heat stress threaten major destinations. Drawing from European experience, Indonesia should implement climate action plans, diversify tourism products, strengthen community-based adaptation, and invest in low-emission transport infrastructure. The transition from climate-dependent to climate-resilient tourism will require coordinated policy, scientific insight, and ethical governance to sustain tourism's contribution under accelerating climatic change.
Cultural Heritage, Religious Practice, and Contemporary Tourism in Nishiarai Daishi Temple
Japanese Buddhist temples have long served as centers of both spiritual devotion and cultural interaction, shaping the social and religious fabric of their surrounding communities. This study examines Nishiarai Daishi Temple in Adachi Ward, Tokyo, One of the “Three Great Kant? Yakuyoke Monasteries” as a case study of how urban religious institutions in Japan balance sacred tradition with modern cultural and touristic engagement. Founded in 826 CE by the monk K?kai (K?b? Daishi), the temple’s origins in esoteric Shingon Buddhism and its reputation for protection against misfortune anchor its enduring religious significance. Over centuries, Nishiarai Daishi has evolved into both a pilgrimage destination and a communal hub, integrating architectural symbolism, folk practices, and seasonal aesthetics into its sacred landscape. The temple’s monthly ennichi festivals and the Osame no Daishi year-end celebration illustrate how ritual practice, local commerce, and social participation interweave to sustain community life and spiritual continuity. These events transform the temple precinct and surrounding streets into liminal spaces where sacred and secular experiences converge. In recent years, guided tours and intercultural programs have expanded Nishiarai Daishi’s role as a site of cultural tourism, allowing international visitors to participate in traditional rituals and experience intangible heritage firsthand. Through historical, ritual, and intercultural analysis, this study argues that Nishiarai Daishi exemplifies the adaptive resilience of Japanese Buddhist institutions. It demonstrates how temples mediate between devotion and display, preserving authenticity while embracing globalization, thereby functioning as living embodiments of Japan’s religious and cultural heritage.
Review of WonderVerse Indonesia, A Metaverse Applications in Tourism and Creative Economy Development
The rise of digital technologies has transformed multiple industries, including tourism and the creative economy. The emergence of the metaverse has opened new possibilities for immersive tourism promotion, virtual interactions, and creative product marketing. This paper explores WonderVerse Indonesia, a metaverse platform initiated by the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (Kemenparekraf), as a case study of virtual tourism development. Drawing on recent research, the study examines factors influencing Generation Z and Y’s adoption of WonderVerse Indonesia, including perceived complexity, cost, technological threat, and social threat, and how these factors affect user satisfaction. The findings highlight both opportunities and challenges in integrating metaverse technologies into tourism and creative economy promotion. The paper concludes with implications for policymakers, developers, and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), emphasizing the need for simplification, affordability, and trust-building in virtual platforms.
The Paradox of Hospitality: Tourism Development, Cultural and Environmental Sustainability
Introduction: Bali, renowned for its cultural heritage and natural beauty, faces significant challenges due to rapid tourism-driven property development. This study examines the paradox of hospitality, where economic growth conflicts with cultural and environmental preservation, employing theories of mediated environmental communication and cultural commodification. Problems: Key issues include land conversion threatening food security, gentrification displacing local communities, and foreign land ownership via mixed marriages. Policy gaps, such as inconsistent enforcement of tourist levies and opaque fund management, exacerbate socio-economic disparities and cultural erosion. Discussion: Findings reveal tensions between tourism's economic benefits (job creation, revenue) and its disruptive effects (cultural dilution, environmental degradation). Stakeholders highlight the need for transparent levy allocation, inclusive urban planning, and community-based tourism models to mitigate commodification and marginalization. Conclusion: A holistic approach integrating environmental communication, cultural preservation, and equitable policy enforcement is critical. Recommendations include stricter land ownership laws, participatory decision-making, and leveraging digital media to engage younger generations in sustainable tourism discourse.
A model for implementing sustainable tourism in mangrove ecotourism at Batu Lumbang, Pemogan Village, Bali
Abstract: The Batu Lumbang Mangrove Ecotourism area in Pemogan Village, Bali, demonstrates a successful transformation from a degraded coastal zone into a sustainable tourism destination through active collaboration among local communities, government agencies, and private sector partners. This study employs a qualitative case study approach, utilizing participatory observation and in-depth interviews to examine the implementation of sustainable tourism and the roles of key stakeholders. The findings reveal that community-led conservation efforts, environmental education-based attractions, and the development of eco-friendly mangrove-based products—such as syrup, sticks, tea, and eco-print batik—have significantly contributed to ecological restoration and local economic development. The integration of traditional knowledge, inclusive participation, and shared resource management forms the foundation of sustainability practices in this site. This model offers valuable insights for the development of community-based coastal ecotourism in other regions.
Communicative Value of Hindu Leadership Philosophy in Kakawin Nitisastra
This paper explores Kakawin Nitisastra, a classical Old Javanese text, through the lens of the Aristotelian Model of Communication. Originating from ancient Indian philosophy and further developed in Balinese cultural contexts, Nitisastra integrates moral, political, and rhetorical principles to guide ethical leadership and communication practices. The study analyzes key teachings such as Catur Pariksa, Asta Brata, and Panca Upaya Sandhi, which emphasize the ethical use of speech, justice, wisdom, and strategic decision-making. These doctrines are examined in relation to Aristotle’s rhetorical triad—ethos, pathos, and logos—as well as his five communicative elements: speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the research draws from textual interpretation and literature review to identify the communicative values embedded in the kakawin. The analysis reveals that the speaker in Nitisastra is portrayed as a morally upright and spiritually attuned figure, whose messages are framed in culturally significant occasions and intended for a broad audience including rulers and common citizens. The effect of communication in the text, aligned with pathos, is demonstrated through its transformative influence on leadership behavior and societal ethics. The kakawin does not merely offer normative guidance but presents practical models of rhetorical and ethical engagement relevant across generations. Ultimately, this study highlights how traditional Southeast Asian literary works can embody and enrich classical communication theories, positioning Kakawin Nitisastra as both a historical artifact and a living guide for ethical leadership and public discourse.
Analysis of Rejang Dance in Pedawa Village, Buleleng
This study explores the cultural and symbolic dimensions of the Rejang dance as practiced in Pedawa Village, Banjar District, Buleleng Regency, Bali. Drawing on a qualitative descriptive methodology, the research focuses on the interrelation between dance, costume, ritual, and community identity within the Bali Aga tradition. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews and participant observation during ceremonial performances. The findings highlight the Rejang dance as a sacred ritual (wali) performed exclusively by unmarried adolescent girls known as Daa. These dancers wear elaborate, multilayered costumes made from rare woven fabrics, with each component—such as the kain rembang, seropong headdress, and floral adornments—imbued with symbolic meaning. The choreography’s slow and deliberate movements are influenced by both the sacred nature of the ritual and the constraints of the ceremonial attire. The research reveals that participation in the dance is governed by a hereditary system rooted in lineage and ritual purity. The designation of Daa follows strict community rules, with each family allowed only one representative at a time. The performance of Rejang during ceremonies such as Saba Malunin is both a rite of passage and an expression of ancestral devotion. Additionally, the use of biodegradable ritual offerings reflects the community’s ecological awareness. Overall, the Rejang dance in Pedawa functions as a medium of intergenerational knowledge transmission, reinforcing cultural values, spiritual beliefs, and social cohesion. It exemplifies how dance, costume, and ritual intersect to sustain a distinct cultural identity within a rapidly changing world.
An Analysis of the Social Role of Tourism Ambassadors in Bali Province
This study explores the 2022 Bali Tourism Ambassador program through the lens of Stuart Hall’s Theory of Cultural Representation to examine how identity, culture, and tourism are constructed and communicated in contemporary Bali. As tourism remains central to Bali’s economy, the involvement of youth through ambassador programs has become a strategic cultural initiative. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected via interviews, observations, and media analysis. Findings reveal that the Bali Tourism Ambassador contest functions not only as a promotional platform but also as a symbolic site for producing and reinforcing dominant narratives about the ideal Balinese youth—cultured, attractive, intelligent, and civically engaged. Through Hall’s reflective, intentional, and constructionist approaches, the study illustrates how cultural symbols, rituals, language, and performance converge to shape public perceptions of tourism, modernity, and local identity. Events such as quarantine, public speaking, and traditional attire are framed not merely as assessments but as ideological practices embedded in a “regime of representation.” While the program succeeds in cultivating youth as cultural agents and tourism promoters, its long-term impact depends on consistent institutional support, mentorship, and integration into broader tourism development agendas. Without post-event follow-up, many of the finalists’ innovative ideas risk remaining symbolic. This research contributes to understanding how youth-led initiatives can serve as mechanisms of cultural continuity, soft power, and developmental communication in tourism-centric societies.
Destination Management in achieving Sustainable Tourism in Bali
Sustainable Tourism has gained traction and is being developed and implemented in various tourist destinations across Bali. This concept seeks to strike a balance between economic development, cultural preservation, and environmental protection. Local wisdom values such as Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kerthi serve as the philosophical foundation for tourism practices that align with the spiritual, social, and ecological values of Balinese society. this study aims to examine how destination management influences the achievement of sustainability, particularly through the role of regulatory frameworks, stakeholder collaboration, and active community participation. A qualitative descriptive method is employed, with data collection techniques comprising observation through a literature review. this study employs the Destination Management Model (DMM) as the principal analytical framework to explore how destination governance influences the achievement of sustainable tourism. Findings showed Bali is progressively aligning its tourism development with the principles of sustainable destination management. However, significant structural and cultural challenges persist, necessitating multi-stakeholder collaboration, improved governance frameworks, and enhanced community engagement to maintain Bali’s status as a world-class tourism destination without compromising its authenticity. The most pressing challenges include the effectiveness of governance and regulatory enforcement, limited awareness and capabilities among small-scale tourism actors, and the intensifying pressures of unchecked tourism development. To overcome these issues, a holistic approach—grounded in local values and involving active participation from communities, regulators, tourism operators, and tourists themselves—is essential.
Value Conflict in Bali's Casino Development Plan: Value Conflict Theory Analysis
One of the most controversial issues that has sparked debate in print media is the proposal to develop casinos in Bali—a topic that resurfaced in mid-2024. This controversy reveals a deep conflict between two social groups: local government authorities and cultural communities advocating for the preservation of local values and a group of young entrepreneurs proposing a new economic approach. This proposal triggered a heated debate between proponents, who viewed casinos as economic catalysts, and opponents—including the Ministry of Tourism and the Bali Tourism Office. This study seeks to explore the public controversy surrounding the proposed development of casinos in Bali, with a particular focus on illustrating the conflict between economic interests and the preservation of culture-based tourism. This study employs a qualitative descriptive research design. Data collection is conducted through a literature review, drawing on existing academic works, media reports, and relevant public statements. The debate surrounding the proposal to establish international-standard casinos in Bali highlights a profound conflict between the preservation of traditional cultural values and aspirations for economic modernization. This conflict exemplifies the central thesis of Value Conflict Theory, which posits that societal disputes often arise from incompatible value systems rather than mere material interests. The opposing sides in Bali’s casino debate are not only advancing different economic strategies but are also championing divergent visions of what constitutes societal progress. The challenge lies in reconciling these distinct value frameworks without diminishing either side’s fundamental aspirations.
Religious Tourism Destinations : Segara Kenjeran Temple and Jagat Karana Temple, Surabaya
This article aims to describe the religious tourism destinations in Surabaya, East Java. The objects of study are Jagat Karana Temple and Segara Kenjeran Temple. The objects were chosen because those temples are two significant temples located in the capital of Surabaya. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach. The analysis framework is based on the Guidelines for Developing Historical and Cultural Heritage Tourism (2019), which comprises four components: cultural products, narrative products, tourism products, and destination products. Data were collected through observations and a literature review on tourism, cultural tourism, religious tourism, and the profiles of Jagat Karana Temple and Segara Kenjeran Temple. Finding shows as tourism destinations, both temples offer unique attractions that support the development of cultural tourism. Jagat Karana Temple’s central location in Surabaya, along with amenities such as bale gong and wantilan, as well as its easy accessibility, makes it a prominent religious tourism destination. Similarly, Segara Kenjeran Temple, located in the popular Kenjeran Beach area with amenities such as gazebos and gardens, provides a serene and accessible destination. Both temples are integral to religious and cultural tourism routes, offering experiences that combine spirituality, architecture, and natural beauty, making them worthy destinations for visitors.
History and Existence of Sanghyang Janger Maborbor Dance in Bangli
In Indonesia, dance serves both artistic and religious functions, particularly in religious ceremonies. This is exemplified in the village of Yangapi, located in the Tembuku district of Bangli Regency. Beyond its well-known waterfall tourism, this village maintains a rich cultural tradition in the form of Janger Maborbor sacred dance. This dance is considered unique due to its religious function, which is closely tied to the local belief system, particularly in its role as a medium for connecting with astral entities. This study aims to examine the ongoing existence of Janger Maborbor sacred dance in Yangapi village as an integral part of Balinese culture that has endured to the present day. This research employs a qualitative descriptive research method. Data collection is conducted through field observations and interviews. The findings are presented in textual form, supplemented by visual documentation as supporting evidence. During the performance of the Sanghyang Janger Maborbor Dance, transcendental communication takes place in the form of a dialogue between humans and the Divine. This dialogue is expressed through sacred mantras and prayers recited by the temple priest (pemangku), as well as through the trance-induced (kerauhan) movements of the dancers. Additionally, offerings (banten) serve as a symbolic expression of devotion and gratitude to God. Through this sacred communication, Hindu devotees and all those involved in the performance of the Sanghyang Janger Maborbor Dance experience a spiritual closeness with the Divine.
Multidimensional Challenges Toward Sustainable Development Tourism in Bali
Climate change, increasing tourist arrivals, and tourism-related modernization have placed immense strain on the island’s ecosystems. Bali welcomed 5.27 million international tourists. While this influx bolstered the economy, it also exacerbated issues such as carbon emissions, tourism-related waste, and the degradation of natural habitats. In response, the government has initiated bold measures to mitigate environmental damage. One such initiative is Bali Emisi Nol Bersih 2045, which aims to reduce carbon emissions through clean energy transitions and the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies. The introduction of electric vehicles, solar energy projects, and community-led waste management systems represents crucial steps toward sustainability. However, the success of these initiatives hinges on collaboration between stakeholders, including government agencies, local and the tourism industry. In conclusion, addressing climate change in Bali requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach that balances environmental preservation, economic development, and cultural integrity. The implementation of the FOLU Net Sink Program highlights the critical role of forests as carbon sinks. It emphasizes the need for sustainable land-use practices to achieve net-zero emissions. Integrating advanced technologies, such as modern forest management systems and sustainable agriculture, ensures that conservation efforts not only mitigate carbon emissions but also provide economic benefits to local communities. This approach is further strengthened by the Penta Helix model, which fosters synergy among academia, businesses, government, communities, and media to achieve shared environmental goals. Through these efforts, Bali is positioning itself as a global leader in sustainable tourism, demonstrating how innovation and tradition can coexist to address contemporary environmental challenges.
The Transformation of Communication Medium among Sulinggih in the Development of Technology
In its history, religious education was delivered by Sulinggih as religious leaders through oral traditions. However, the development of technology and communication has brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including how religious material is conveyed. This transformation presents both opportunities and challenges in ensuring that religious teachings remain relevant, engaging, and accessible to the modern generation. This article discusses how technological advancements have altered the communication approach of Hindu religious leaders in spreading religious knowledge to society. Using qualitative research, data is presented in the form of narrative descriptions based on the Shannon-Weaver Communication model. Data collection techniques include observation and literature study. The author conducted an observation of a video upload on the Wira.ID Channel YouTube channel, which featured dharma wacana (discourse) by a sulinggih. Meanwhile, the literature study was drawn from books and scientific journals with similar themes. Based on data analysis, it was found that Sulinggih can now utilize social media to expand the reach of their messages and create more inclusive communication. Digital platforms allow the spread of Hindu religious knowledge not only in physical spaces but also to a broader audience, including the younger generation. Despite challenges such as video quality issues and internet connection disruptions, the use of YouTube offers significant advantages in disseminating religious information. Hindu religious leaders' adaptation to this technology is also reflected in the application of interpersonal communication principles, creating a familiar and comfortable atmosphere between the communicator and the audience. By using YouTube, sulinggih can reduce potential redundancy and entropy in communication, ensuring the message remains clear. The large capacity of YouTube channels enables broadcasting to a large number of viewers, supporting the use of this media in spreading Hindu teachings in a more dynamic and relevant way to meet the needs of the times.
Nitisastra as Reference for Tourist Guidance in Bali
One example of responsible tourism behavior is respecting local culture and traditions. This includes avoiding the dismissal of local customs, valuing and supporting the preservation of traditional arts, actively participating in the preservation and development of local traditions, and demonstrating a positive attitude and coexistence with others. At a minimum, tourists visiting various regions in Indonesia are expected to exhibit good tourism behavior. Gradually, this can set an example for other tourists, both domestic and international, who are also vacationing in Indonesia. The diversity of cultures (multiculturalism) is an inevitability that must be embraced by Indonesian society. Being a pluralistic and multicultural nation, Indonesia is susceptible to conflicts involving religion, culture, race, and customs. Such tensions often arise due to the intersection of diverse cultures, interactions between individuals and groups with differing perspectives, and varying levels of knowledge and understanding. The teachings of Nitisastra provide valuable insights into addressing these issues by emphasizing the importance of self-management, respect for knowledge, and ethical behavior. According to Nitisastra, the pursuit of knowledge and adherence to moral principles are central to responsible leadership and personal growth. For tourists, this translates into respecting local norms, practicing humility, and contributing to the welfare of the community. The Nitisastra perspective teaches that true wealth lies in knowledge and ethical conduct, which should guide interactions with local communities and the environment. These principles, when applied to tourism, can help mitigate the negative impacts of tourism and promote a more harmonious relationship between visitors and the local population.
The Existence Of Penjor Pan Balang Tamak In Karangasem
Penjor symbolizes gratitude and appreciation for the blessings of the earth bestowed by the divine. Balinese Hindus believe that Mount Agung is the sacred residence of Hyang Bathara Putra Jaya, along with other gods and ancestors. In the village of Karangsari Karangasem, there is a Penjor that remains true to ancestral traditions, unchanged from what has been orally passed down by the village elders. This Penjor is known as Penjor Balang Tamak. It represents critical thinking, devotion, and an expression of thanks to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa. The use of this Penjor has been preserved through generations and has become an integral part of the community's identity. It is placed in the northwest corner of the Bale Agung, to the east of the Candi Bentar in the Pura Puseh courtyard, as a tribute to the Balang Tamak figure and a symbolic witness to the village council meetings (pesangkepan) held at Bale Agung.
Meru Architecture in Bali : History, Function and Challenges
Meru is a sacred structure in Balinese architecture, symbolizing Mount Sumeru in Hindu-Buddhist cosmology. Introduced by Mpu Kuturan in the 11th century, Meru is a key feature of Balinese temples, representing the connection between the divine and earthly realms. The tiered roof, which can range from one to eleven layers, reflects different levels of the universe, with higher tiers holding greater spiritual significance. Meru is not only a site of worship for deities and ancestors but also plays a crucial role in traditional ceremonies, such as the ngaben cremation rites. One of the remarkable aspects of Meru is its earthquake-resistant design. Built with natural materials like ijuk (sugar palm fibre) and ironwood, its proportional structure and construction techniques allow it to withstand seismic shocks effectively. However, while Meru can endure earthquakes, it remains vulnerable to fire, especially due to lightning strikes. The dry, flammable ijuk used for the roof makes Meru susceptible, as evidenced by recent fires at temples like Ratu Gede Bima Sakti and Dadia Bingin. Efforts to protect Meru from fire hazards are underway, including raising community awareness and improving fire safety protocols. Despite these challenges, Meru continues to stand as a powerful symbol of Bali’s spiritual and cultural identity, blending ancient traditions with modern efforts to preserve this sacred architecture.
Implementation and challenges of sustainable tourism programs in Bali
The rapid growth of tourism in Bali has led to extensive development of accommodations, infrastructure, and facilities, positioning the island as a major tourist destination. However, this growth has brought significant challenges, including environmental degradation, cultural commodification, and social inequalities. The overexploitation of natural resources, unsustainable waste management, and deforestation have raised concerns about the island’s long-term ecological health. Additionally, the commercialization of cultural traditions and rising land prices have disrupted local communities and eroded the authenticity of Balinese heritage. In response, Indonesia has launched the "Decarbonization Roadmap for the Tourism Sector" to transition towards a more sustainable tourism model. This roadmap, supported by traditional values like Tri Hita Karana, emphasizes balancing economic growth with environmental preservation and cultural respect. Sustainable tourism practices such as community-based tourism and ecotourism are emerging as potential solutions, focusing on local participation and environmental conservation. Despite these efforts, significant challenges remain, including the uneven distribution of tourism benefits, income inequality, and the heavy reliance on tourism for Bali’s economy. Addressing these issues will require integrated and thoughtful approaches that prioritize sustainability and inclusive development.